Dual reference capacitive sensing user interface

ABSTRACT

A module for controlling power supply to a load in a product which includes a microchip, and an electromechanical switch and a proximity/touch sensor connected to the microchip, preferably to the same input. The switch is primarily used to activate or deactivate the load and the proximity/touch sensor to vary the effect of operating the switch, or to control additional functions such as the activation of a signal, typically a light signal, which helps to locate the product, particularly in the dark, and to vary the duration of an automatic time-out period at the end of which the load is deactivated.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation under 35 USC 120 of copending U.S.application Ser. No. 12/335,474, filed Dec. 15, 2008 and issuing Jul.13, 2010 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,755,219, which is a Continuation under 35USC 120 of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/406,491, filed Apr. 19, 2006,now U.S. Pat. No. 7,466,040.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new intelligent electrical currentswitching devices and more particularly, to microchip controlledelectrical current switching devices. The invention further relates, inone embodiment, to intelligent batteries having embedded therein amicrochip for use with a variety of electrical devices to add heretoforeunknown functionality to existing electrical devices. The invention alsorelates, according to another embodiment, to intelligent hand-heldelectronic devices, and in a preferred embodiment to hand-held lightsources, and more particularly, to flashlights. According to oneembodiment of the present invention, the invention relates tointelligent hand-held flashlights having microchip controlled switcheswherein said switches can be programmed to perform a variety offunctions including, for example, turning the flashlight off after apre-determined time interval, blinking, or dimming, etc. According to astill further embodiment, the invention relates to low current switchescontrolled by microchips of the present invention for use in buildinglighting systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In conventional flashlights, manually-operated mechanical switchesfunction to turn the flashlight “on” and “off.” When turned “on,”battery power is applied through the closed switch to a light bulb; theamount of power then consumed depends on how long the switch is closed.In the typical flashlight, the effective life of the battery is only afew hours at most. Should the operator, after using the flashlight tofind his/her way in the dark or for any other purpose, then fail to turnit off, the batteries will, in a very short time, become exhausted.Should the flashlight be left in a turned-on and exhausted condition fora prolonged period, the batteries may then leak and exude corrosiveelectrolyte that is damaging to the contact which engages the batteryterminal as well as the casing of the flashlight.

When the flashlight is designed for use by a young child the likelihoodis greater that the flashlight will be mishandled, because a young childis prone to be careless and forgets to turn the flashlight “off” afterit has served its purpose. Because of this, a flashlight may be left“on” for days, if not weeks, and as a result of internal corrosion mayno longer be in working order when the exhausted batteries are replaced.

Flashlights designed for young children are sometimes in a lanternformat, with a casing made of strong plastic material that is virtuallyunbreakable, the light bulb being mounted within a reflector at thefront end of the casing and being covered by a lens from which a lightbeam is projected. A U-shaped handle is attached to the upper end of thecasing, with mechanical on-off slide switch being mounted on the handle,so that a child grasping the handle can readily manipulate the slideactuator with his/her thumb.

With a switch of this type on top of a flashlight handle, when the slideactuator is pushed forward by the thumb, the switch “mechanically”closes the circuit and the flashlight is turned “on” and remains “on”until the slide actuator is pulled back to the “off” position and thecircuit is opened. It is this type of switch in the hands of a childthat is most likely to be inadvertently left “on.”

To avoid this problem, many flashlights include, in addition to a slideswitch, a push button switch which keeps the flashlight turned on onlywhen finger pressure is applied to the push button. It is difficult fora young child who wishes, say to illuminate a dark corner in thebasement of his home for about 30 seconds, to keep a push buttondepressed for this period. It is therefore more likely that the childwill actuate the slide switch to its permanently-on position, for thisrequires only a monetary finger motion.

It is known to provide a flashlight with a delayed action switch whichautomatically turns off after a pre-determined interval. The MalloryU.S. Pat. No. 3,535,282 discloses a flashlight that is automaticallyturned off by a delayed action mechanical switch assembly that includesa compression spring housed in a bellows having a leaky valve, so thatwhen a switch is turned on manually, this action serves to mechanicallycompress the bellows which after a pre-determined interval acts to turnoff the switch.

A similar delayed action is obtained in a flashlight for childrenmarketed by Playskool Company, this delayed action being realized by aresistance-capacitance timing network which applies a bias to asolid-state transistor switch after 30 seconds or so to cut off thetransistor and shut off the flashlight. Also included in the prior art,is a flashlight previously sold by Fisher-Price using an electronictiming circuit to simply turn off the flashlight after about 20 minutes.

It is also known, e.g. as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,147, toprovide a mechanical switch assembly for a flashlight which includes asuction cup as a delayed action element whereby the flashlight, whenmomentarily actuated by an operator, functions to connect a batterypower supply to a light bulb, and which maintains this connection for apre-determined interval determined by the memory characteristics of thesuction cup, after which the connection is automatically broken.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,538 discloses a flashlight having the usualcomponents of a battery, and on-off mechanical switch, a bulb, and ahand-held housing, to which there is added a timing means and acircuit-breaking means responsive to the timing means for cutting offthe flow of current to the bulb, which further has a by-pass means,preferably child-proof, to direct electric current to the light bulbregardless of the state of the timing means. The patent also providesfor the operation of the device may be further enhanced by making theby-pass means a mechanical switch connected so as to leave it in serieswith the mechanical on-off switch. Furthermore, the patent discloses alock or other “child-proofing” mechanism may be provided to ensure thatthe by-pass is disabled when the flashlight is switched off.

Most conventional flashlights, like those described above, are actuatedby mechanical push or slide button-type switches requiring, of course,mechanical implementation by an operator. Over time, the switch suffers“wear and tear” which impairs operation of the flashlight as a resultof, for example, repeated activations by the operator and/or due to thefact that the switch has been left “on” for a prolonged period of time.In addition, such mechanical switches are vulnerable to the effects ofcorrosion and oxidation and can cause said switches to deteriorate andto become non-functioning. In addition, these prior art devices havingthese mechanical switches are generally “dumb,” i.e. they do not providethe user with convenient, reliable, and affordable functionalities whichtoday's consumers now demand and expect.

Another type of switch is a touch-sensor switch which responds to(senses) the touch of a non-conductive material such as glass orplastic. It is also possible to use this technology to sense proximity.

The prior art switches typically provide two basic functions in priorart flashlights. Firstly, the mechanical switches act as actualconductors for completing power circuits and providing current duringoperation of the devices. Depending upon the type of bulb and wiringemployed, the intensity of electrical current which must be conducted bythe switch is generally quite high leading to, after prolonged use,failure. Secondly, a mechanical switch must function as an interfacebetween the device and its operator, i.e. a man-machine-interface(“MMI”) and necessarily requires repeated mechanical activations. Overtime the switch mechanically deteriorates.

Also, currently the electrical switches used in buildings/houses forcontrol of lighting systems are of the conventional type of switcheswhich must conduct, i.e. close the circuit, upon command, thus alsoproviding the MMI. These prior art switches suffer from the samedisadvantages as the switches described above in relation to portableelectronic devices, like flashlights. Moreover, the switches arerelatively dumb in most cases and do not provide the user with a varietyof functions, e.g. but not limited to timing means to enable a user, forexample, a shop owner or home owner to designate a predetermined shutoff or turn on point in time.

There is a need for inexpensive, reliable, and simple intelligentelectronic devices which provide increased functionality and energyconservation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provideda microchip controlled switch to manage both the current conductingfunctions and the MMI functions in an electronic device, such as aflashlight, on a low current basis i.e. without the MMI device having toconduct or switch high current. According to one aspect of theinvention, the MMI functions are controlled by very low current signals,using touch pads, or carbon coated membrane type switches. These lowcurrent signal switches of the present invention can be smaller, morereliable, less costly, easier to seal and less vulnerable to the effectsof corrosion and oxidation. Moreover, since the switch is a solid statecomponent, it is, according to the present invention, possible tocontrol the functions of the device in an intelligent manner by the samemicrochip which provides the MMI functions. Thus, by practicing theteachings of the present invention, more reliable, intelligent, andefficient electrical devices can be obtained which are cheaper andeasier to manufacture than prior art devices.

According to a further embodiment, the invention provides a power savingmicrochip which, when operatively associated with an electronic device,will adjust the average electric current through a current switch,provide an on and off sequence which, for example, but not limited to,in the case of a flashlight, can be determined by an operator and mayrepresent either a flash code sequence or a simple on/off oscillation,provide an indication of battery strength, and/or provide a gradualoscillating current flow to lengthen the life of the operating switchand the power source.

According to one embodiment of the invention, an intelligent flashlight,having a microchip controlled switch is provided comprising a microchipfor controlling the on/off function and at least one other function ofthe flashlight. According to a further embodiment of the invention, anintelligent flashlight having a microchip controlled switch is providedcomprising an input means for sending activating/deactivating signals tothe microchip, and a microchip for controlling the on/off function andat least one other function of the flashlight. According to a furtherembodiment of the invention, there is provided an intelligent flashlighthaving a microchip controlled switch comprising an input means forselecting one function of the flashlight, a microchip for controlling atleast the on/off function and one other function of the flashlight,wherein the microchip control circuit may further comprise acontrol-reset means, a clock means, a current switch, and/or any one orcombination of the same.

According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided aportable microchip device for use in serial connection with a powersource, e.g. an exhaustible power source, and an electronic devicepowered by said source wherein said electronic device has an input meansfor activating and deactivating said power source, and said microchipcomprising a means for controlling the on/off function and at least oneother function of the electronic device upon receipt of a signal fromsaid input means through said power source.

According to a still further embodiment of the invention, there isprovided a microchip adapted to control lighting in buildings. Accordingto this embodiment, the normal switch on the wall that currentlyfunctions as both a power-switch, i.e. conduction of electricity, andMMI can be eliminated, thus eliminating the normal high voltage and highcurrent dangerous wiring to the switch and from the switch to the loador light. Utilizing the present invention, these switches can bereplaced with connecting means suitable for low current DC requirements.

According to another embodiment, the present invention is directed to abattery comprising an energy storage section, a processor, e.g. amicrochip and first and second terminal ends. The first terminal endbeing connected to the energy storage section, the second terminal endbeing connected to the processor, and the processor being connected tothe second terminal end and the energy storage section. The processorcontrols the connection of the second terminal end to the energy storagesection.

According to another embodiment, the present invention provides anelectronic apparatus which includes an electrical device, comprising apower supply, an activating/deactivating means, and a processor. Theactivating/deactivating means is connected to the processor and theprocessor is connected to the power supply. The processor controls theon/off function of the device and at least one other function of thedevice in response to signals received from the activation/deactivationmeans.

The present invention, according to a still further embodiment, providesa flashlight comprising a light source, an energy storage means, aswitch means, and a processor means. The switch means being incommunication with the processor means and the processor means being incommunication with the energy storage means which is ultimately incommunication with the light source. The processor controls theactivation/deactivation of the light source and, in some embodiments,further functions of the flashlight, in response to signals receivedfrom the switch means.

The invention also extends to a module for selecting at least onefunction of an energy consuming load of a product which is connectableto a power source, the module including a microchip, at least one firstswitch which is connected to the microchip which is selected from anelectromechanical switch and a resistance type switch, and aproximity/touch sensor, and wherein the first switch and theproximity/touch sensor form a user interface to select functions of theload.

The module being configured according to at least one of the followingconfigurations:

-   -   a) wherein the microchip selectively controls a locating signal        or a find in the dark indicator in response to a signal from the        user interface, the selection of the locating signal or find in        the dark indicator being based on the current state of the        product;    -   b) wherein the user interface is used to detect a condition in        which the product, with the load activated, is released from a        hand and the microchip, in response to such detection, suspends        activation of the load until the product is again handled; and    -   c) wherein the user interface establishes a reference value        during a condition of the product being handled, and the        microchip uses the reference value to determine when the product        is released from a hand.

A module of this kind thus uses multiple types of switches, including anelectromechanical switch (EMS), to activate an electric or electronicapparatus. This switch may be latching or non-latching and include aresistive carbon coated type switch. Once the product (apparatus) isswitched on, mode/function selections of a single load may be possible.Selection between different loads may also be made. The same switch usefor activation may also be used to de-activate the product.

The apparatus is also capable of sensing or detecting touch and/orproximity as per disclosures in the art. This proximity sensing/touchsensing or detecting may initially be inactive i.e. before the productis activated through the electromechanical switch (EMS). In this casethe proximity touch sensor cannot switch the apparatus “ON” from an“OFF” state.

In case of an activated handheld product (e.g. a hairdryer, toothbrush,heat gun, etc.) the product may be switched to a sleep mode when putdown. Once put down and switched to sleep (the load is turned off), atimer is activated and if the apparatus is picked up again within acertain predefined (or user defined) period, the apparatus is switched“ON” again. It is preferably, but not exclusively, switched “ON” in themode in which it was before it switched to sleep. This “sleeping” and“ON” switching results from signals generated by the proximity/touchsensing structure.

If more than the defined period elapses before the apparatus is touchedagain, the apparatus switches “OFF” and all further actions aresuspended until an activation resulting from an EMS occurs.

In some embodiments an indication is given to warn the user of imminentswitch off.

Once switched “OFF” the proximity/touch sensor switch (TSS) cannotactivate the apparatus and an EMS operation would be required to switchthe product on.

The aforegoing method has several advantages over the prior art. Sincean EMS operation is required to switch “ON”, the activation of anapparatus can be made as easy, or as secure against inadvertentactivations, as any product with only an EMS type interface. In fact, athreshold may be set for the TSS to prevent activation through the EMSif one or more criteria on the TSS are not met. Such a threshold may bea hard-coated or predetermined value but it may also be a value that isbuilt up over time and stored in non-volatile memory. This may preventaccidental activation, for example when the product is in a travel bag,i.e. when the product is not held.

Furthermore, the TSS need not operate when the apparatus is “OFF”. Thisreduces current consumption. An example may be a hairdryer. The userwould pick it up and switch the dryer on at a desired level. As issometimes the case, the user may need both hands for other tasks andwould put the hairdryer down which would then immediately andautomatically switch off. If picked up again within a predeterminedperiod (say for example 5 minutes) the dryer would automatically switchon at the setting previously selected.

This type of interaction between the EMS and TSS switches, combined withthe time periods between actuations, the time period or periods ofactuations, and the number of actuations, forms a basis for selecting aspecific function or performing an action.

It may also be possible to use the EMS to select “OFF”.

A further example may be switching a toy on using an EMS interface. Thetoy would stay activated for as long as the proximity touch sensorswitch senses touch, or possibly, intermittent touch (or even proximity)action. As such, a child would activate a toy or even a flashlight andthe product would stay active for as long as it is held or played withbut would switch “OFF” when “released”, or at least switch “OFF”automatically after a defined delay period. This would save energy andis of special importance in battery operated products.

In another embodiment a product may be activated and used. Upondeactivation it may (continue to) display status information such asremaining battery power/fuel until the device is released (when nofurther touch or proximity is detected). Such display may also continuefor a short while after such release and start again when the product ispicked up again. This may be a function that is always available or onlywithin a certain period after the product, having been activated, is putdown.

It is important to note that the operation of the proximity/touch sensorswitch (TSS) may be substantially different or in fact opposite incertain ways when compared to normal touch sensor or proximity sensingimplementations as presented in the art.

The normal state of a typical TSS can be considered as being without atouch. This touch happens only infrequently when a function is selected.This corresponds closely with the operation or state of a typicalswitch. The time of switch actuation is in fact very short in thelifetime of the switch.

As such, in a capacitive sensing switch implementation, it is normal tocreate a reference value during the time of no proximity/no touch. Thisis, as discussed, the most common state and also the most stable state.

However, in this invention, it is proposed that for the purpose ofmonitoring touch, and specifically for deactivating a function when ahand-held product is put down, it is beneficial to base the referencelevel on the state when touch occurs.

It can be reasoned that when the product is switched “ON” through theEMS interface it is already held in a hand. (A minimum level may be setto prevent activation when not held). The operation is to continue foras long as the product is handled or not put down. As such, theimportant parameter here is set during the time the device is held. Itcan be viewed as an exceptional or unlikely situation for a hair dryerto have its switch activated and nobody touching it. As there is nothingto prevent this unlikely activation in a normal hairdryer (for example),it is not seen as a major negative if it is not prevented here. Thisevent can however be prevented if a sensible reference level can beestablished and stored. However, the major advantage is the detection of“no-touch” i.e. such as when a device is activated in a normal manner,and a reference level is established while the device is being activelyused and thereafter is put down. Several options exist in terms ofaction once a “no-touch condition” (NTC) is determined. An immediateshut down can be done, a count down to shut down may be started, a sleepmode may be entered, a warning may be given (audible, visible,vibrating), or temporary suspension of all or some functions can takeplace.

When a touch condition (TC) is detected again, several options again arepossible, for example, but not limited to: reactivating suspendedfunctions, giving a warning before activating functions, or activating asequence of different functions.

Once a NTC is detected from an active operating condition the load maybe deactivated and a timer may be started. Once a predeterminedperiod/count is reached, a total shut-off is performed and furthersensing for touch or proximity is suspended. In this case an EMSoperation is required for activation. Such action would reduce energyconsumption. In a variation of this, the sensing would enter a low poweroperating mode.

During the time period immediately after activation with the EMSinterface, a fast filter routine may be performed to quickly establish areference level of the touch sensor/proximity sensor interface.

Once this short period has passed (say a second for typicaltoothbrush/hairdryer type hand-held applications) it is assumed that thelevel has settled and the filter coefficients may be changed to give aslower response to change. Once a decision is made that a NTC exists,the adaptation of the reference level may be halted. It will only beresumed once a TC is determined or when an activation occurs through theEMS interface.

While the present invention is primarily described in this applicationwith respect to either a flashlight or a lighting application, theembodiments discussed herein should not be considered limitative of theinvention, and many other variations of the use of the intelligentdevices of the present invention will be obvious to one of ordinaryskill in the art, particularly in respect of electric motor applicationsin, for example, hairdryers and toothbrushes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled pushbutton or sliding type input activation/deactivation switch according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a microchip for use with a push button orsliding input activation/deactivation switch according to one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a second type of intelligent device having amicrochip controlled push button or sliding type inputactivation/deactivation switch according to another embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled touchpad or carbon coated membrane activation/deactivation switch accordingto a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a microchip for use with a touch pad orcarbon coated membrane activation/deactivation switch according to oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a second type of device having a microchipcontrolled touch pad or carbon coated membrane activation/deactivationswitch according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a battery having embedded therein a microchipaccording to a further embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a microchip for use in a battery accordingto one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8B is a block diagram of a second type of microchip for use in abattery according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switchaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switchaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switchaccording to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic of a flashlight having therein a microchipcontrolled switch according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic of one embodiment of the present invention of alow current switching device suitable for lighting systems in buildings;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention,i.e. microchip 1403 of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 fora delayed shut off function in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8A fora delayed shut off function in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 17 and 18 depict the use of current conducting tape;

FIG. 19 is a flow chart of operations in a product, according to theinvention; and

FIGS. 20 and 21 depict possible uses of a switch, according to theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment or aspect of the present invention, andreferring to FIG. 1, a schematic depiction of a main circuit 100 of anelectronic device, for example, a flashlight, is provided, wherein thedevice has a microchip 103 and a microchip controlled inputactivator/deactivator 102, for example, a push button or sliding switch.The main circuit 100 of the device is powered by current supplied by apower source 101 which may be any power source, e.g. a DC battery, as iswell known to those of ordinary skill in the art. While the followingdiscussion is limited to specific electronic devices, that isflashlights, it is to be understood that the description is equallyapplicable to other electronic devices including portable radios, toys,for example but not limited to battery operated cars, boats, planes,and/or other electrically powered toys, and motors of devices such ashairdryers and toothbrushes.

Referring to FIG. 1, when an operator activates the input push button orsliding command switch 102 to the “on” position, the microchip 103receives a signal. The switch 102 is a direct electrical input to themicrochip 103. The microchip 103 is grounded by grounding means 104 andis in series between the power source 101 and a load 105. The microchip103 also controls the transfer of sufficient power by means of a currentswitch (not shown in FIG. 1) to the load 105 which can be, for example,a resistor-type bulb in the case of a flashlight to provideillumination.

The microchip 103, and other microchips of the present invention, canhave its/their intelligence embedded in combinational or sequentiallogic, a PLA or ROM type structure feeding into a state machine or atrue microcontroller type structure. The memory for the above willnormally be non-volatile, but should there be a need for selectableoptions, EE or flash memory structures may be used.

In any of the various examples of the invention the microchip andswitches and other devices connected thereto can preferably be locatedin a compact housing or module designed to facilitate connectionsbetween the load in question and the power source and configured so thatthe module can easily and effectively be incorporated in a product whichcontains the load.

The structure and operational parameters of such a microchip 103 areexplained in greater detail with respect to FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 1,power is supplied to the microchip 103 by the power source 101. When anoperator activates the input switch 102 to the “on” position itrepresents a command which is communicated to the microchip 103. Theinput means 102 requires very low current in preferred embodiments. Inthe FIG. 2 embodiment of the invention, microchip control/reset means201 simply allows a current switch 202 to pass current from the powersource 101 to the load 105 in an unimpeded manner when the MMI switch102 is activated, and, in the case of a flashlight, illumination isobtained. It is important to recognize, however, that it is the controlcircuit 201 which activates the current switch 202, acting on an inputfrom the MMI switch 102. Unlike heretofore known prior art devices, theactivating switch 102 does not conduct current to the load 105, but isonly a command input mechanism which can, according to the invention,operate on very low current. For example, according to the invention,touch sensor input or carbon coated membrane type switch devices arepreferred.

If, for example, an emergency notification function is desired, theflashlight may be designed to alternately flash on and off every second.First, the operator activates the input 102 into the appropriateposition to indicate such a function is desired. During the “on” segmentof the flashing routine, the control/reset means 201 commands thecurrent switch 202 to close and let current flow through to the load 105thereby causing, in the case of a flashlight, the bulb to illuminate.Simultaneously, the control/reset means 201 uses timing means 203 as aclock for timing. After the control/reset means 201 determines onesecond has elapsed, the control/reset means 201 instructs the currentswitch 202 to open and interrupt the current flow to the load 105, andbulb illumination is discontinued. It is important to note that both thecontrol/reset means 201 and current switch 202 are still active andfully powered; however, current delivery is now latent with respect tothe load 105. When another second has elapsed, a command is passed fromthe control/reset means 201 which again allows current to be deliveredthrough the current switch 202 to the load 105, and, in the case of aflashlight, bulb illumination is immediately resumed. The devicecontinues an alternating current delivery routine until either theoperator switches the setting of the activating input switch 102 to the“off” position, or until the conditions pre-programmed into themicrochip, e.g. into the control/reset means 201, are satisfied andcurrent delivery is permanently discontinued.

Similar operating routines can be employed to generate other conspicuousflashing functions such as the generation of the universal distresssignal S.O.S. in Morse code. Again, such a function would require thatthe microchip, e.g. the control/reset means 201, be pre-programmed withthe appropriate code for creating such a signal, and to permit currenttransmission from the switch 202 to the load 105 in accordance with thecode with the assistance of the timing means 203. For example, it may bedesirable to have an S.O.S. sequence wherein flashes representing eachindividual letter are separated by time intervals ranging from one-half(½ ) second to one (1) full second, while the interval between eachletter in the code comprises two (2) full seconds. After a certainnumber of repetitions of the routine, again determined by the operatoror as pre-programmed within the microchip, e.g. within the control/resetmeans 201, the signal is discontinued.

As shown in FIG. 3, it is possible to remove the grounding means 104from the main circuit 100. However, it is then necessary tointermittently provide an alternative power source for the microchip 103and to create a virtual ground reference level. A suitable microchip 103for this configuration is described in greater detail with respect toFIGS. 8A and 8B.

Referring to FIG. 4, when utilizing the circuits in the microchip ofsome embodiments of the present invention, carbon coated membrane ortouch pad type switches 106 are preferred. Carbon coated membraneswitches and touch pad switches have many advantages over conventionalhigh current switches, such as those currently used in flashlights.According to the present invention, carbon coated membrane typeswitches, low current type switches, and touch pad type switches can beused which may be smaller, less costly, easier to seal, and lessvulnerable to corrosion and oxidation than conventional switches whichalso transfer energy or current to the load. Moreover, according to oneembodiment of the present invention, carbon coated membrane typeswitches, touch pad switches, or low current type switches can be formedstructurally integral with the product or its housing, for example withthe casing of a flashlight.

A block diagram showing the microchip 103 for use, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention, with a carbon coated membrane,a touch pad switch, or a low current type switch 106 is now explained ingreater detail with reference to FIG. 5. The current switch 202 ispowered directly by the grounded power source 101. However, output ofcurrent from the current switch 202 to the load 105 is dependent on thecontrol/reset means 201. When an operator depresses the touch pad switch106, carbon coated membrane switch 106 or low current type switch 106,the control/reset means 201 allows the current switch 202 to passcurrent to the load 105. However, in more intelligent applications, thecontrol/reset means 201 will coordinate, based on the clock and/ortiming means 203, to execute timing routines such as, but not limitedto, intermittent flashing, the flashing of a conspicuous pattern such asMorse code, dimming functions, battery maintenance, batterystrength/level, etc.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram for a microchip 103 as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5and provides a delayed shutoff function. The flow sequence commences atSTART when the power source 101 is connected to the microchip 103, asshown in FIG. 4. The sequence of operation is substantiallyself-explanatory and is not further elaborated herein.

As shown in FIG. 6, the grounding means 104 can be removed from thesystem as a matter of design choice. A more detailed description of asuitable microchip 103 for this type of configuration is provided withreference to FIGS. 8A and 8B.

Referring to FIG. 7, certain embodiments of the invention also providefor a battery having a microchip embedded for use with an electronicdevice. As shown, direct current is provided to the microchip 103 by thepower source 101. When the activating input switch 102 is closed, thecircuit is complete and power is transferred to the load 105 under thedirection of the microchip 103. The microchip 103 can have a number ofintelligent functions pre-programmed therein, such as, battery strengthmonitoring, recharging, adjustment of average current through a currentswitch, intermittent power delivery sequences, and so on. Examples ofsuitable microchips 103 for this type of application are discussed withreference to FIGS. 8A and 8B.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are block diagrams of two different embodiments of thepresent invention. A microchip 803 is especially suitable forapplications wherein the microchip 803 is not grounded through the bodyof the electrical device or where a ground cannot otherwise beestablished because of design considerations. This embodiment is usefulto provide sufficient operating power to the microchip and can beachieved by periodically opening and closing the current switch 202 whenthe activation input switch 102 is closed. For example, referring toFIG. 8A, when the input switch 102 is closed but the current switch 202does not conduct (that is, the switch is open and does not allow currentto flow to the load 105), the voltage drop over the load 105 is zeroand, in the case of a flashlight, no illumination is provided from thebulb. Instead, the full voltage drop is over the current switch 202 andin parallel with a diode 204 and a capacitor 205. Once the capacitor 205becomes fully charged, the current switch 202 can close and the circuit103 will be powered by the capacitor 205. When circuit 803 is adequatelypowered, it functions in a manner identical to the circuits describedpreviously with respect to the functions provided by the control/resetmeans 201 and the timing means 203.

When the charging capacitor 205 starts to become depleted, thecontrol/reset means 201 will recognize this state and reopen the currentswitch 203, thus briefly prohibiting the flow of current to the load105, in order to remove the voltage drop from the load 105 and to allowthe capacitor 205 to recharge and begin a new cycle. In a flashlightapplication, the time period wherein current flow from the currentswitch 202 is discontinued can be such that the dead period of the lightis not easily or not at all detectable by the human eye. In the case ofa load with a high current usage, such as a flashlight, it means theratio of the capacitance of the capacitor having to power the microchipand the current consumption of the microchip, must be such that thecapacitor can power the microchip for a long time relative to thecharging time (202 open). This will enable the flashlight's “off” timeto be short and the “on” time to be long, thus not creating a detectableor intrusive switching of the flashlight to the user.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8which also provides a delayed shutoff function. The flow diagram issubstantially self-explanatory and the flow sequence commences at STARTwhen closure of the switch 102 takes place from an open position.

According to another embodiment of the invention, e.g. in relation toanother product of low current consumption, such as a FM radio, thedesigner may opt for a capacitive (reservoir) device externally to themicrochip (see FIG. 11). In this case, the electrical device mayfunction for a time longer than the time required for charging thecapacitor (205, 207) which is when the current switch (202) is open andnot conducting current.

According to another embodiment of the invention, an output may beprovided to indicate a condition, e.g. a battery is in a good or badcondition. It may also be suitable to assist in locating a device, e.g.but not limited to a flashlight, in the dark. This may be a separateoutput pin or may be, according to another embodiment, shared with theMMI switch input, (see FIG. 11) Referring to FIG. 11, anindicator/output device 1104 may, for example, be an LED. When amicrochip 1113 pulls a line 1114 to high, the LED 1104 shines. The LED1104 may also shine when a switch 1111 is closed by a user. However,since that is only a momentary closure, this should not create aproblem.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG.11, the microchip 1113 can activate the LED 1104 for a short time, e.g.for 100 milliseconds, every 10 seconds. This indication will letpotential users know the device is in a good state of functionality andwill enable fast location of the device in the dark, e.g. in times ofemergency. The low duty cycle will also prevent unnecessary batterydepletion.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, FIG. 8B illustrates thecharging and discharging of a capacitor 207 to provide power to thecircuit 803, wherein the diode and capacitor structure establishes aground reference for the circuit 803.

Each of the embodiments explained with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B issuitable for use in a manner which depends upon the particularapplication. Indeed, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B can bedirectly embedded into a battery and/or can be separately constructed inanother portable structure or module, for example in the shape of adisc, about the size of a quarter, to be inserted at the end of thebattery between the output means or positive terminal of the battery andthe current receiving structure of the electronic device. As described,the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B can be utilized with highcurrent switches currently being utilized in simple non-intelligentelectronic devices, for example flashlights, radios and toys. Forexample, in the case of a portable simple radio without anyintelligence, an automatic shut “off” may be achieved by using theintelligent battery or portable microchip of the present inventionhaving a timing function to automatically shut off the radio after agiven period of time, e.g. after the user is asleep.

The architecture of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B providescertain advantages over the simple dumb architecture in current simpleelectrical devices, for example, flashlights. Due to the unique designof the microchips, as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, after a product (intowhich the microchip is incorporated) is shut off the microchip remainspowered for an additional period of time which allows the microchip toreceive additional commands. For example, a second “on” activationwithin a given period after a first “on” and “off” activation, may beprogrammed into the microchip (control/reset means) to indicate a powerreduction or dimming function or any other function as desired by thedesigner of the device. This is accomplished, using the principles ofthe invention, without having to utilize substantial energy from whatare typically small exhaustible power sources, e.g. DC batteries in thecase of flashlights.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, more intelligentdevices include many other useful functions pre-programmed within themicrochip, e.g. in the control/reset means 201 and may, e.g. be assistedby a timing means 203. Referring to FIG. 2, commands can be enteredthrough the switch 102 in several different ways. Firstly, various timesequences of closed and open activations may represent differentcommands. For example a single closure may instruct the microchip 103 toactivate the current switch 202 continuously for a pre-determined lengthof time. Alternatively, two successive closures may instruct themicrochip 103 to intermittently activate the current switch 202 for apre-determined length of time and sequence, for example, a S.O.S.sequence.

Secondly, referring to FIG. 9, commands may be communicated to amicrochip 903 through the use of various voltages recognizable by themicrochip 903 to represent various commands. For example use may be madeof multiple activating switches 901 and 902 connecting differentvoltages to the command input structure of the microchip 903.

Thirdly, referring to FIG. 10, commands may be communicated to amicrochip 1103 through the use of multiple specific switches (1004,1005, 1006, 1007) which, when activated either singularly or incombination, are recognizable by the microchip 1103 as representingvarious different commands.

As can be seen in FIG. 9 (switches 901 and 902) and in FIG. 10 (switches1004, 1005, 1006, and 1007) power or ground may be used as a commandreference voltage level. For example, the switches in FIG. 10 may beconnected to another ground instead of a point 1008 depending on theinternal structure of the microchip.

The control/reset means included in the microchips of the presentinvention may and in some instances, depending upon the application,should in addition to the many possible user functions described above,include means for adjusting the average current through a switch or ameans for providing a gradual “on”/“off” current flow, so that theoperator does not appreciably perceive the variation (increase ordecrease) in light provided by the device. These features allow for anongoing variable level of lighting as desired by an operator, and mayalso lengthen the life span of the activation switch, the bulb, and thepower source. Moreover, several functions can be added to an existingdevice, like a flashlight, through the use of a battery having embeddedtherein a microchip according to the present invention.

In another embodiment of the invention, the microchip is adapted tocontrol lighting in buildings. A conventional switch on a wall thatcurrently functions as both a power-switch and MMI can be replaced by alow current switching device such as a membrane switch, touch pad orcarbon coated switching device. Since very low currents are required bythe MMI switch (device) that replaces the normal wall mounted (A/C)switch, it is possible to replace the normal high voltage/current(dangerous) wiring to the switch and from the switch to the lead(light), with connectivity means suitable to the new low current DCrequirements. As such, in the case of normal A/C wiring (110V/220V), thedangerous wiring can now be restricted to the roof or ceiling and allswitches (MMI's) can inherently be safe. This may make the expensive andregulated safety piping (conduits) required for the wiring ofelectricity to wall switches redundant.

In a specific embodiment, the traditional wiring between the light andthe wall switch is replaced by flexible current conducting tape that canbe taped from the roof and down the wall to the required location. Inanother embodiment, the connections can be made by current conductingpaint or similar substances. The tape or connections can be concealed bypainting over with normal paint. This makes changing the location of awall switch or the addition of another switch very easy.

The microchip of the invention can be located in the power fitting ofthe light. The microchip has a low current input (MMI) and a powerswitch to block or transfer energy to the load (light, fan, airconditioner). It reacts to inputs received to activate or disable, orcontrol other functions, of whatever device it is controlling.

The microchip may be adapted to contain a high current/voltage switch orcontrol an external switching device or relay. The microchip may also,as in the other embodiments discussed, have some intelligence to controlfunctions like dimming, delayed shut off, timed activation/deactivation,timed cycles, flashing sequences and gradual on/off switching. Themicrochip may also be adopted, as in a specific flashlight embodimentdiscussed, to provide a location/emergency signal for lighting/flashingan LED.

FIG. 12 shows a flashlight 1200 with a housing 1202, batteries 1204, abulb 1206, a reflector and lens 1208, a switch 1210 and a microchip1212. The flashlight has a conventional appearance but its operation isbased on the microchip 1212 controlling the operation of the switch1210, as described hereinbefore.

The power input 101 in FIG. 13 may be DC (e.g. 12V) as is commonly usedfor some lights or AC (110V or 240V). The device 1403 may be monolithicor be a multichip unit having a relay (solid state or mechanical), aregulator (e.g.: 110 AC volt to 12V DC) and a microchip as discussed inthis application.

In a specific embodiment, Ic pin 1406 can normally be high and a closureof an input means 1402, e.g. any of the low current switching devicesdescribed above, can be detected as Ic pin 1405 also goes to high. Toflash an LED 1404 the microchip 1403 will reverse the polarities so thatIc pin 1405 becomes high with regards to Ic pin 1406. During this time,it may not be possible to monitor the closure of the input switch 1402and the LED 1404 may not shine should the input 1402 be closed. Inanother embodiment, the microchip 1403 is able to detect closure of theinput 1402 before reversing the voltage polarity as discussed and if itdetects closure, it does not proceed with reversing the polarity.

In FIG. 13 reference 1407 denotes an MMI wall unit, and reference 1408denotes a high voltage roof unit.

In FIG. 14, a microchip 1503 does not contain a current switch (e.g.switch 102) as shown in FIG. 2. However, if desired the regulator andrelay can be integrated into a single monolithic microchip 1503. In thecase of a 12V (DC) local voltage this may be done in any event unlessthe current/power considerations are too high to make it practical.

In another embodiment, the microchips 1403 and 1503 are adapted toreceive commands not only via the MMI input but also over the load power(electricity) wiring. This would allow a central controller to send outvarious commands to various power points, controlled by a microchipaccording to this invention, by using address information of specificmicrochips or using global (to all) commands.

Referring again to FIG. 1, purely for the sake of example, the microchip103 is activated by sliding or activating the switch 102. It is apparentthat different switches can be provided for different functions of themicrochip. However, in order to enhance the user-friendliness of thedevice, a single switch may be capable of controlling differentfunctions of an appliance such as a flashlight to which the microchip ismounted.

Assume for the sake of example that the switch 102 is used to turn themicrochip on in the sense that a flashlight is turned on. A switch 110may then be used at any time to turn the flashlight off, byappropriately controlling operation of the microchip. This is aconventional approach to controlling operation of the microchip. As analternative the operation of the switch 102 can be sensed by means of atiming device 112. The timing device is started when the switch 102 isclosed and after a short time period, say of the order of 5 seconds orless, which is measured by the timing device, the mode or function ofthe switch 102 changes so that, upon further actuation of the switch102, the switch duplicates the function of the switch 110 which cantherefore be dispensed with. Thus, initially the switch 102 functions asan on-switch while, a short period after its actuation, the switch 102functions as an off-switch. It follows that with minor modifications tothe circuitry of the microchip a single switch can exhibit multi-modecapabilities with the different modes being distinguished from eachother or being exhibited on a time basis or, if necessary, on any otherbasis.

Multi-mode capabilities can for example be incorporated in a microchipwherein the function of a switch is also linked to time. In this sensethe word “function” means the action which ensues or results upon thedetection of the closure or operation of the switch. For example asingle switch may, from an off state of a flashlight, enable (a) theswitching on of the flashlight and (b) the selection of one of a numberof various modes like dimming level, flashing rate/sequence etc. whenthe switch is closed a number of times.

If however a certain time is allowed to pass (say five seconds) withoutany further closure of the switch taking place (indicating a mode hasbeen selected), the function resulting from the next closure may bechanged. Thus instead of selecting another mode, the closure may beinterpreted as an “off” command.

In other words a sequence of switch closures within five seconds of eachother will step the microchip through a number of predefined modes.However should at any stage a time of more than five seconds elapsebetween consecutive presses or closures of the switch then the nextswitch operation will switch the flashlight off rather than stepping themicrochip to another mode.

Clearly these characteristics are not confined to the use of the chipwith a flashlight for the chip can be used in other applications to varythe mode of operation thereof in a similar way. Thus, for theflashlight, the function of the switch will affect the operation of theflashlight in a manner which is dependent on the time period betweensuccessive actuations of the switch. More generally, in any electricaldevice which is controlled by means of the microchip, the operation ofthe device will be regulated by the function which is exhibited by aswitch which is in communication with the microchip. The switch functionin turn is dependent on the duration of a time period between successiveoperations of the switch.

Other modes can also be exhibited by a single switch. For example,depending on requirement, a switch can be used for on and off operation,for initiating the transmission of an emergency signal, for initiatingthe gradual dimming of a flashlight or the like. The scope of theinvention is not limited in this regard.

In the preceding description reference has been made to a touch sensorand to a non-latching push button or latching MMI switch. Thesecomponents and technologies relating thereto may be combined in certainembodiments to achieve specific operational features that may beattractive to the user in that certain comforts or user friendliness maybe facilitated.

In certain embodiments the touch sensor interface/switch 106 (see FIGS.4 and 6) that allows the user to operate and select functions may alsoallow the user to select or give a signal to the microchip 103 based onproximity and not necessarily physical touch or contact. This feature isan inherent characteristic of some touch sensor or touch padtechnologies, for example of the types described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,730,165 and 6,466,036.

It is then also feasible to define a user interface that accepts bothtouch sensor signals as well as electromechanical switch andspecifically push button switch signals. The signals may be used toselect the same functions or in some embodiments the different MMItechnologies may be used to select different functions or operationalmodes.

In a specific embodiment in accordance with the general concepts of thisinvention, a module comprises the energy consuming load 105 (for examplea bulb, LED or other light generating element), and the microchip 103,which in accordance with principles already described controls thevarious functions or operational modes at least in response to signalsreceived from the touch sensor and (traditional) switch interfaces aswell as a find-in-the-dark (FITD) indication. The FITD indication may bethe energy consuming load 105 or another separate element creating avisible, audible or other human detectable signal that would assist aperson to locate a product containing the abovementioned elements or theMMI switch in particular, for example in the dark (referred to herein asa “locating signal”).

An example, that is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of thisinvention, may be an interior light for passenger convenience of anautomobile or other transportation vehicle such as a boat or a plane.

In one embodiment the interior (courtesy) light is interfaced with theuser (MMI) via either a touch sensor and/or an electromechanical switch,such as a push-to-make (push button) type switch, hereinafter called apb switch. The interior light can be placed in various operational modesand functions under control of the microchip 103: for example thearrangement may provide an automatic delayed shut off function; and aFITD indicator function that also gives an indication of inputs whichare received via the MMI interface and which enables the selection of anoperational mode based on the various activation and/or deactivation (ofthe MMI switch) time sequences.

In another embodiment of this example the module comprising the lightgenerating element, the microchip 103 and the FITD indicator have atleast a pb MMI as well as a touch sensor MMI. The latter may be acapacitive technology based sensor as is known in the art (see forexample the disclosures in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,730,165 and 6,466,036). Thistouch sensor is capable of giving an indication of, for example, a humanhand being in the proximity of the sensor even if no physical contactbetween the sensor and the hand is made.

As an example of possible operation, the microchip 103 may use thesignals received from the touch sensor indicating proximity of part ofthe body of the user, such as a hand, to activate the FITD indicator ina way that is different from when no proximity detection is occurring.Thus the FITD indicator that is normally off or flashing with a low dutycycle or activated in a low energy mode, may be activated in a constanton mode of a higher energy level. It is also possible in an embodimentto control the energy level, and hence the intensity of light or soundof the FITD indicator in some relationships to the proximity distance,say the closer the hand, the brighter or more intense is the FITDindicator. The FITD indicator may be part of the button to be pressedwhen activating the pb switch.

This proximity based FITD indication may continue for a period of timeand may be discontinued a certain period of time after the proximitysignal has disappeared. Of course the operation may be simpler and theproximity signal may be an indication upon which the microchip activatesthe FITD indicator for a predetermined period, at a predetermined levelor only while the user is within a given proximity and the proximitysignal is present.

If the user then proceeds and activates the pb MMI switch, the FITDindicator in a preferred embodiment may be deactivated or switched toanother level or functional mode under control of the microchip, and themain energy consuming load may be activated by this pb switchactivation. The microchip controlling the operational modes may, in apreferred case, be integrated with the microchip interpreting the MMIsignals and realizing the touch sensor implementation.

Both the touch sensor and the pb switch signals may be interpreted interms of time duration of activation and/or deactivation signals and/orsequences of signals.

In simple terms the pb surface that a user must press, may glow (in thedark) when the user brings his/her hand close to the switch. Specificillumination of the pb switch, under these conditions, thus gives riseto a locating signal which assists the user in the location of theswitch that must be activated in order to start operation. The pb switchin a specific embodiment must still be pressed to activate the light ormain energy consuming load.

The FITD indicator may also be active (at a higher level) after anautomatic shut-off has occurred or at least for a short periodthereafter.

In another embodiment the activation by proximity results in a differentoperational mode or for a different time duration than activation by thepb switch.

In a specific embodiment the switching circuit includes a module whichhouses or comprises the pb switch, the touch sensor, the microchip, theenergy consuming load and a FITD indicator that is active when the loadis not activated by the user. All the elements may be in close proximityof each other. In another embodiment the elements are each attached toand/or enclosed in the module which may be of any suitable shape or formwhich depends, at least, on the specific application.

The energy consuming load may for example be an electric motor, a lightgenerating element or a heat generating unit. The power source may bemains power or an exhaustible power source such as a battery or a fuelcell.

In a further embodiment, in accordance with a preceding description, themicrochip controls an automatic delayed shut-off function resulting inthe load being deactivated a predetermined period after it wasactivated. The microchip also gives a warning of such imminent shut-offa short period prior to the shut-off. This advance auto shut-off warningmay be a single indication, a reduction in power and/or a sequence orrepetitive sequence of warning indications. In a specific embodiment themicrochip accepts a proximity signal as enough or sufficient indicationthat the user wishes to extend operation. This may be specificallyduring or after the warning signals have been activated. In simpleterms, for example, once the warning has been given that auto-shut-offis imminent, but before auto-shut-down occurs, the user can reset theauto-off timer by the wave of a hand past the sensor and an actuation ofthe pb switch is then not necessarily required to extend the period ofoperation. Feedback may be given to the user that the extension ofoperation has been accepted by varying operation of the load or someother indication. An example may be that during the advance auto-offwarning period the power to the load is reduced and upon resetting thetimer, the original power level is restored. In a variation of thisembodiment the FITD indicator that operates in response to the proximitysignal(s) also gives an indication of the power source level. Forexample an activating/deactivating sequence or varying colors may beused to indicate the power level.

The combined touch sensor and push button switch technology may also beused in a headlamp or flashlight technology. Again proximity mayactivate the load or FITD indicator. The load may for example beactivated at a reduced power level, or any activation may only be for avery short period of time. In some embodiments the proximity or touchsensor may be used for some commands but not for others, for example ina specific embodiment the touch sensor may not activate or deactivatethe flashlight but it can cancel an imminent auto-shut-down. In fact asignal may in some embodiments also be accepted for a short time aftersuch auto shut-off to resume operation and to reset the auto shut-offtimer. The same techniques can be implemented for the interior light (ormap light) in a vehicle.

It is also possible that the push button switch can affect or activatefunctions concerning the general operation of the touch sensor. Forexample, the touch sensor may be forced to adjust its calibration byactivations of the push button switch.

In another embodiment a power source (battery) level indicator may beactivated whilst a proximity signal is active. This may enable a personto immediately notice the battery level when a product such as anelectric toothbrush, shaver, flashlight or other battery operatedproduct is picked up. Again, this indication may be switched off after aperiod of time. It is also possible that a low power indication orwarning is given only when a proximity detection is made, tospecifically stand out, when the proximity sensor is triggered.

In a further embodiment the electronics for the proximity touch sensorand a find-in-the-dark indicator are embedded in the casing of atraditional switch mechanism. This may be for example a switch for thedefrosting of a window in a vehicle, a turn signal indicator activationmechanism or a window wiper activation lever. When the proximity of abody part (e.g. finger) or another element is detected, thefind-in-the-dark indicator is activated in a mode different from normal.For example, it may be normally off and upon the proximity detection thefind-in-the-dark indicator may be activated; or it may normally be on ina low mode and upon the proximity detection, the find-in-the-darkindicator may be activated in a higher power or more prominent mode. Thefind-in-the-dark indicator may be specifically designed to illuminatethe contact area of the switch in the vicinity where the user mustphysically make contact to activate the switch. In some cases, e.g. alever used to operate a wiper or turn signal indicator, the illuminationmay be on a front side of the lever to be visible, whilst the contactfrom the user may be from the bottom, top, side, back or any otherdirection. An important aspect is that the location of a specificselection mechanism, which enables a specific function to be activated,is indicated to the user before the mechanism is actuated. Alternativelyexpressed the specific function to be activated by a specific selectionmechanism is indicated to the user before the function is selected. Thismay help prevent accidental activation of a wiper when a turn signal wasdesired and vice versa. Of course another indication (e.g. audio) mayalso be used to alert the user as to what switch is being approached orin proximity of a body part. In each instance a second indicator can beused in place of the FITD, or in addition to the FITD. The secondindicator is under the control of the microchip and is used to give theuser information about a switch near, or combined with, the proximitydetection sensor.

It is also proposed that the proximity switch be used to guide the usertowards a button or a sequence of buttons likely to be operated next.For example if a radio is installed with this invention and in an offstate, the detection of a user finger in proximity of the radio willilluminate the on switch and possibly no other switch, whereas aproximity detection when already on, will illuminate the off switch orvolume control switch but not the on switch. In a sense this inventionwill intuitively lead the user through the next logical options when theswitches are approached.

It is also possible for a function or load to be temporally selected,say whilst the proximity detection is made, but to activate the loadpermanently or for an extended period of time even if the proximitydetection is cancelled, the pb switch must be operated.

The aforementioned functions also apply to a mains system with a mainsswitch fitted with a find-in-the-dark indicator and touch sensorinterface or with mains and the system as described previously (FIGS.13, 14) wherein dc voltage is used to interface with the user and thisswitch, that is typically a pb switch, is then augmented with a touchsensor interface that functions in combination as described above.

It is also possible for the touch sensor proximity interface pluselectronics to control some of the other described functions to be builtinto a traditional type switch that is for example typically found in acar or in a house. In some embodiments the touch sensor may switch theload on but not off or vice versa.

In each instance a second indicator can be used in place of the FITD, orin addition to the FITD. The second indicator is under the control ofthe microchip and is used to give the user information about a switchnear, or combined with, the proximity detection sensor.

In the prior art the base or ground plate of the capacitive touch sensoris a metal sheet or plate. This may present problems in some products.As such in a further embodiment the sensing plate may be formed by usingan electrical current conducting fluid (for example paint or ink) thatmay be applied to a surface that must form the sensing plate. In anotherembodiment use is made of stickable tape (e.g. masking tape, cellotapeetc.) that offers some electrical conducting characteristics eitherthrough its own composition or by embedded metallic structures. It isenvisaged that a plastic panel can be painted with this electricalcurrent conducting substance, or manufactured with such currentconducting characteristics. This plastic panel can then be utilized asthe sense plate.

In another embodiment stickable tape with current conducting featuresmay be provided with a specific surface structure so that when paintedover it closely matches a wall it was stuck on. The sides may be formedsuch, or the wall surface may be machined such, that the presence of thetape is not obvious or easily visible.

In a further embodiment such tape may be positioned around a wallmounted light switch in order to act as a sensing plate to enableproximity detection for activating a find-in-the-dark indicator. In afurther embodiment the plate around the wall mounted switch may beformed by applying the current conducting fluid. Normal paint can beapplied over these elements to render a normal looking surface.

The fluid may also be applied by spray-painting to, for example, theinside of a plastic lamp base.

Wiring can be attached to either type of element with conducting glue.This may be done through a connector glued or conductively attached tothe painted/taped area or with the wire directly attached thereto.

FIG. 17 indicates in cross section a current conducting tape 500 with astructure that would help to form a less conspicuous attachment to awall, once painted over. It is also preferable that the tape surfaceshould be similar to that of the normal wall material.

FIG. 18 shows a shallow slot or channel 502 which is ground or otherwisecreated into a wall surface 504. A current conducting tape 506 of such adesign is used that when laid into the slot it results in a very flatsurface that should be difficult to detect when painted over or coveredby wall paper.

In some embodiments the area covered with the tape or conductive paint,glue, ink, paste etc. is much larger so as to form a plate for the touchsensor or even form two plates of a capacitor for such touch orproximity sensor.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the event of interest is therelease of a handheld product rather than the event of proximity or atouch. In this case the normal condition is considered to be the statewhen the product is held.

FIG. 19 shows a flow diagram as an example of this operation. This flowdiagram may be applied, for example, to a hairdryer, flashlight or atoothbrush.

State (900) is “OFF”. In this condition the product is switched off andcan only be activated by an electromechanical switch (EMS). This may bean advantage in that it requires very low power. This is advantageousfor battery powered products. This can also prevent accidentalactivation through the proximity/touch sensor interface (TSS).

Once an EMS actuation occurs (910) the product powers (or brings out ofsleep mode) a microchip or the section of a microchip that does the TSSfunctions. In this embodiment it is preferred to perform a fastcalibration routine (920) which establishes a reference level for theTSS module. The assumption is that when the EMS actuation occurs, theproduct is held and should the calibration be done in a short time (sayone second) a value can be established for the TSS module.

This reference value can then be compared against a predetermined storedvalue (930) that can be seen as a minimum level to be reached before theproduct is regarded as handheld.

If the post-calibration value is too much towards a no touch condition(NTC) the product can be prevented from activating (931). In acapacitive charge transfer type sensor a count which is too high willmean lower capacitance and a lower count will mean the product is held.

If the count is lower than the predetermined value (932) the product isswitched on. The step 930 represents an optional action that may beattractive and practical in some cases but not always for all products.

In a step 940 the load is activated and the TSS module compares thecurrent value measure from time to time against the establishedreference value produced by the routine 920. If the value stays within apredetermined range of this reference value, the product activation ismaintained. The current value may also be used to adjust the referencevalue creating a long term average (LTA) of the sensed parameter.

This LTA adjustment accounts for drift in various parameters and/orenvironment. However, this adjustment in the normally active TSSconfiguration is not as important as with the normally NTC (no touchcondition) type configurations. This is due to the differing timeperiods normally associated with the values. A wall switch for a lightmay be off for days during which there is substantial drift intemperature, humidity etc., whereas a toothbrush is only on for a fewminutes.

In FIG. 19 the current measurement is compared (950) against the LTA andif within a predetermined range, the EMS may be checked (in someembodiments the EMS may select further functions) (990). If adeactivation is seen the product switches off and returns to the OFFstate 900. If no deactivation is determined in 990, step 940 isrepeated.

If in the step 950 a NTC is determined, various actions may beperformed, but in the example of FIG. 19, in step 960 the operation ofthe load is suspended. A timer is activated, incremented (970) andchecked (980). If a time-out occurs (982), then the product is switchedoff.

However, before the time-out, via loop 981, the touch condition (TC) iscontinuously checked (950). If a TC is sensed again, the product isactivated again.

FIGS. 20 and 21 show a microchip 1503, and an input switch 106 and a TSSantenna or plate 1506 which are connected to the same input pin of themicrochip and thus work in parallel. In the first case the switch 106 isconnected to ground and in the latter case the switch is connected tothe supply 101.

While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed in detail, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skillin the art that further changes and modifications can be made to theembodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention as claimed.

1. An electronic switch module for use in a product with an energyconsuming load, said module comprising: a microchip; at least onecapacitive sensor forming part of a user interface ; said capacitivesensor at least partially implemented in said microchip; wherein theelectronic switch module is configured to receive signals through theuser interface and to interpret such signals as user interface commands;and wherein the capacitive sensor is configured to establish a referencelevel during a touch condition that is used to determine when a no-touchcondition happens, and wherein the capacitive sensor establishes ano-touch reference level during a no-touch condition that is used todetermine the occurrence of a proximity/touch event.
 2. The electronicswitch module of claim 1 wherein the operating mode of the product isautomatically changed when a no-touch condition is detected.
 3. Theelectronic switch module of claim 1 wherein the product furthercomprises a DC power source and RF circuitry.
 4. The electronic switchmodule of claim 1 wherein the detection of a no-touch condition by thecapacitive sensor is used to prevent specific commands or functions ofthe product.
 5. The electronic switch module of claim 1 wherein thecapacitive sensor differentiates between signals indicating a proximityevent and a touch event.
 6. The electronic switch module of claim 1wherein the microchip controls a delayed de-activation of a functionthat was activated in response to an activation command received throughsaid capacitive sensor user interface.
 7. A product employing theelectronic switch module of claim 1, said product comprising a casingwherein the electronic switch module, a visible indicator that isactivated by the microchip in response to the detection of a proximityevent and the load are all attached to or enclosed in said casing.
 8. Amethod of operating a user interface module as part of a product,wherein the user interface module comprises a microchip and at least onecapacitive sensor, the method including the steps of: a) using acapacitive sensing touch reference level, established during a time whena touch condition prevails to determine when a no-touch conditionhappens; and b) using a capacitive sensing no-touch reference levelestablished during a time when a no-touch condition prevails todetermine when a proximity condition or a touch condition happens. 9.The method of claim 8 further including the step of using the samecapacitive sensing module to differentiate between proximity and touchevents when the reference level used is the no-touch reference level.10. The method of claim 8 further including the step of halting somefunctions of the product when a no-touch condition is detected when thereference level used is the touch reference level.
 11. The method ofclaim 10 further including the step of automatically, upon detecting aproximity event, re-activating a function that was de-activated when ano-touch condition was detected.
 12. The method of claim 10 furtherincluding the step of automatically, upon detecting a touch event,re-activating a function that was de-activated when a no-touch conditionwas detected.
 13. The method of claim 10 further including the step ofhalting some functions in a way that the functions cannot bere-activated by some touch events, if a no-touch condition prevailed forat least a predefined minimum period of time.
 14. The method of claim 8further including the step of blocking certain commands to the productwhen a no-touch condition prevails.
 15. The method of claim 8 used in aproduct that comprises a dc power source and radio frequency circuitry.16. The method of claim 8 further including the step of activating adelayed switch off product function upon detecting a no-touch condition.17. The method of claim 8 further including the step of changing theoperating mode of the product when a no touch condition is detected.